mutt
The dog descriptor mutt meaning a non-purebred is first seen in dog breeding magazines in 1910. The adjective was actually first applied to people, with a meaning of “idiot”, a few years earlier in 1901. It was a short form of muttonhead, which had been a common word for “idiot” since 1803.
Mutton itself is one of the Norman French words that were borrowed into English after the Norman Conquest. Norman French was the high class language to the peasants’ English. One of the ways this manifested is the French words for animals were used for meat, which nobles discussed, while the English words remained in use for animals. Some words for meat with this origin borrowed between 1066 and 1300 are mutton, beef, pork, poultry, veal, venison, and uh, pigeon. The corresponding terms in Old English were scēap, cū, swīn, cicen, cealf, heorot (Modern English hart; deer meant “animal”, as with German Tier), and dūfe (Modern English dove).
pizza
The food pizza was popularized in NYC in 1931. The first American pizzeria, Lombardi’s, had opened in 1905, but called its specialty “tomato pie”. The word pizza is a direct borrowing from Neapolitan pizza, meaning pizza. It was still uncommon enough by 1944 that the NYT ran an article explaining how to eat pizza, clarifying the unfamiliar foreign pronunciation of the word.
The Neapolitan tradition of pizza is a long one, although the modern tomato-basil-mozzarella margherita we’re familiar with only dates back to the 1860s. Tomatoes were still an uncommon food in Europe at the time. They were considered poisonous due to their relation to the deadly nightshade plant. Pizzas were a Naples specialty well before 1800, although we’d classify those items as flatbreads today. The Italian word likely comes from Byzantine Greek πίτα (píta), meaning cake, and is attested in local Latin texts as early as 1107.
glamping
The leisure activity glamping is first attested in The Guardian in 2005, a portmanteau of glamorous and camping. Popular usage had spread to American English by 2007. As with many of this century’s coinages, the concept of luxury camping existed before, but there wasn’t a specific word for it. (Maybe safari, but that now has other connotations due to semantic drift.) For example, this trend’s rise in popularity begins in the 1990s.
haywire
The descriptor haywire in its modern sense of “wild” or “disorderly” originates from New England logging slang in the 1910s. Loggers would use the ubiquitous haywire to make temporary repairs, so the term came to mean “shoddy” or “improvised”. You can see how the current meaning could be one semantic drift away from that.
There’s a related term that still means “shoddy” or “improvised”. Until today, I thought baling twine was the same thing as haywire. It turns out baling wire is a synonym for haywire. Baling twine is also used to arrange hay bales compactly for transport, but they’re as different as eyeliner and eyeshadow. That’s what “duct tape and baling twine” refers to.
Haywire started becoming ubiquitous with the first commercialized hay baler in 1874, which used wire to bind hay in the (long since obsolete) rectangular bales you see at hayrides. Before that, farmers used pitchforks to pitch and store hay in haystacks. Its component words, hay and wire, both predate English and may well be thousands of years old.
vinyl
The recording medium vinyl started being called that much later than you’d expect, in 1976. Before that, starting from 1936, the slang term for a record was instead wax, named after the process of creating an original recording by etching onto a wax disk that was then plated with metal.
Records started being made of the material vinyl in 1948 with the introduction of the “long playing” LP format, which could hold 23 minutes of music per side instead of 5. Before that, they were made of shellac, a record format that was still being sold well into the 1960s. We still keep a trace memory of the shellac era in the notion that a record will shatter if you drop it, which is unlikely if it’s made of vinyl.
Vinyl, the material, is a shortening of polyvinyl chloride, better known by its initialism PVC. PVC was first synthesized in 1872, but was not commercially produced until 1933. The “vinyl” in polyvinyl chloride refers to a chemical radical that got its name in 1863 from Latin vīnum, meaning wine. That radical was derived from ethylene, and ethyl alcohol is the type of alcohol found in wine.